Table of contents
Definition of Nanotechnology. Example of implementation of Nanotechnology in Today’s life. Future implementation of Nanotechnology.
a. Medical implementation of Nanotech.
ü Attacking cancer cells with Hydrogel Nanoparticles
ü Medicine:-
ü Diagnostics
ü Tissue engineering
b. Environmental implementation.
ü Filtration
ü Energy
c. Information and Communication.
ü Memory Storage
ü Display
ü Quantum Computer
d. Heavy Industry.
ü Aerospace
ü Catalysis
ü Nanoparticles and steel
ü Nanoparticles in glass
ü Vehicle manufacturers
Consumer Goods.
ü Agriculture
ü Sports
Conclusion
What is Nanotechnology?
“Nano” is Greek for “dwarf”. It is manipulation of matter < 100nm (1 10,000th the size of a bacterium). It can be define as 80,000X smaller than a human hair. It’s revolution began 47 years ago. Nanoscience is the study of phenomena and manipulation of materials at atomic, molecular and macromolecular scales, where properties differ significantly from those at a larger scale.
Nanotechnology involves manipulating properties and structures at the nanoscale. Nanotechnology is already being used in products in its passive form, such as cosmetics and sunscreens, and it is expected that in the coming decades, new phases of products, such as better batteries and improved electronics equipment, will be developed and have far-reaching implications.
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| Nanotechnology |
"Nanotechnology is the design, characterisation, production and application of structures, devices and systems by controlling shape and size at nanometre scale”
What Nanotechnology will give you…??
§ energy savings
§ higher performance
§ lower costs
Example of implication of Nanotechnology in Today’s life.
Today every branch of science is using this technology to give you the perfect green and clean earth. Today you are using this tech as in following forms…
§ Steel
§ Concrete
§ Glass
§ Gypsum Drywall
§ Fabrics & Carpet
§ Energy
§ Filtration
§ Electronics / Sensors
§ Tools
§ Coatings & Paints
§ Lighting
§ Insulation
Steel :-
Nanocomposite steel is available & stronger (per ASTM)
Withstands temperatures as low as -140F
Increased plasticity
Free of corrosion-causing carbide paths
§ Results:
reduced amount of steel
Simplified placement of structural concrete
20 to 40% savings
Concrete:-
Production of concrete accounts for 8% of total CO2 emissions worldwide
Translucent concrete?
Glass:-
Can block UV & glare
Self-cleaning glass coated (titanium dioxide coating breaks down organic matter
Gypsum Drywall:-
Nano-drywall is lighter, stronger and water resistant.
Fabrics & Carpet:-
Nano-treatments are used on commercial fabrics .
Color-fast, stain proof and dirt proof.
Naturally hydrophobic, no mold or mildew .
Energy:-
Solar cells infused with nano-technology are thin, flexible and come in rolls so they can be applied as roofing material.
Paints:-
Nano particles enhance physical and aesthetic qualities
Hard, durable finish
Excellent water resistance
Scrub-ability
Stain blocking and other properties
Lighting:-
LEDs (point source) & OLEDs (sheet)
- 40% of commercial energy goes to lighting
LED is most efficient, sustainable solution
10X more efficient than incandescent
50,000 - 100,000 hours (vs 10,000)
46% average annual growth from 2001-4
HB LED market $4.2 billion in 2006
Growing to $9.9 billion in 2011
Insulation:-
Aerogel, a translucent thermal-acoustic insulator
Looks like frozen smoke
Best insulating solid in the world
Weighs only 90 grams per litre
Extremely flexible blankets, beads, sheets
Aerogel, a translucent thermal-acoustic insulator
Looks like frozen smoke
Best insulating solid in the world
Weighs only 90 grams per litre
Extremely flexible
blankets, beads, sheets
Why Use a Nonmaterial?
The following are the reasons why we need this tech in today’s scenario :-
Conventional materials are not optimal.
Need enhanced acoustic value.
Need thinner material, less bulk.
Need translucency.
Need enhanced thermal value.
Need lighter weight.
Some companies that are researching on this Nanotechnology are…...
§ USDA
§ DOE
§ DHS
§ DOJ
§ NASA
§ NIOSH (DHHS)
§ NIH (DHHS)
§ NSF
There are also private investments in this field that are..
In 2005, 1331 companies in 76 industries invested $3.2 billion in nano-technology and sold $32 billion in products incorporating nanotechnologies. Expect $12 billion private investment by 2008. Example: One of CEO’s top 3 priorities at GE; spent $50 million in 2005
Future implementation of Nanotechnology :-
Today nanotechnology is still in a formative phase--not unlike the condition of computer science in the 1960s or biotechnology in the 1980s. Yet it is maturing rapidly. Between 1997 and 2005, investment in nanotech research and development by governments around the world soared from $432 million to about $4.1 billion, and corresponding industry investment exceeded that of governments by 2005. By 2015, products incorporating nanotech will contribute approximately $1 trillion to the global economy. About two million workers will be employed in nanotech industries, and three times that many will have supporting jobs. Medicine could employ such systems to improve the tissue compatibility of implants, or to create scaffolds for tissue regeneration, or perhaps even to build artificial organs.
After 2015-2020, the field will expand to include molecular nanosystems--heterogeneous networks in which molecules and supramolecular structures serve as distinct devices. The proteins inside cells work together this way, but whereas biological systems are water-based and markedly temperature-sensitive, these molecular nanosystems will be able to operate in a far wider range of environments and should be much faster.
Computers and robots could be reduced to extraordinarily small sizes. Medical applications might be as ambitious as new types of genetic therapies and antiaging treatments.
Over time, therefore, nanotechnology should benefit every industrial sector and health care field. It should also help the environment through more efficient use of resources and better methods of pollution control. Helping the public to perceive nanotech soberly in a big picture that retains human values and quality of life will also be essential for this powerful new discipline to live up to its astonishing potential.
Medical implementation of nanotechnology
It is not modern medicine that does the healing, but the cells themselves: we are but onlookers. If we had surgical tools that were molecular both in their size and precision, we could develop a medical technology that for the first time would let us directly heal the injuries at the molecular and cellular level that are the root causes of disease and ill health. With the precision of drugs combined with the intelligent guidance of the surgeon’s scalpel, we can expect a quantum leap in our medical capabilities.
I. Attacking cancer cells with Hydrogel Nanoparticles:-
One of the difficulties of fighting cancer is that drugs often hit other non-cancerous cells, causing patients to get sick. But what if researchers could sneak cancer-fighting particles into just the cancer cells?
Researchers at the Georgia Institute of Technology and the Ovarian Cancer Institute are working on doing just that. In the online journal BMC Cancer they detail a method that uses hydrogels - less than 100 nanometers in size - to sneak a particular type of small interfering RNA(siRNA) into cancer cells. Once in the cell the siRNA turns on the programmed cell death the body uses to kill mutated cells and help traditional chemotherapy do it's job.
II. Medicine:-
Without doubt, nanotechnology is having a major impact on medicine and the treatment of disease, notably in imaging and targeted drug delivery. Nanotechnology promises us a radically different medicine than the cut, poke and carpet bomb (think chemo therapy) medicine of today. The two major differences of nanomedicine will be the tools it uses - the main workhorse will be multifunctional nanoparticles. It will enable a perfectly targeted and individual treatment: organs and bones, really any body tissue, can be diagnosed and treated on a cell by cell basis with precise dosing and monitoring through the use of biomolecular sensors. Notwithstanding the huge amount of research going into this field, Rather than delivering external drugs into the body, they conceptualize "pseudo-cell" nanofactories that work with raw ingredients already in the body to manufacture the proper amount of drug in-situ under the control of a molecular biosensor.
Also part of the outer shell would have to be some kind of sensing mechanism that recognizes the required biomolecules. However note that although sensing of molecules in applications such as drug delivery in vivo has been successful, there is a dearth of effective approaches for the in vivo sensing of biological moieties. Once biomolecules enter the nanofactory they need to be modified in order to create the desired end product. Finally, the last component would be a "kill switch" that allows an external operator to stop the operation of the nanofactory, for instance through ultrasonic stimulation, and have it break down into smaller parts
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III. Diagnostics
Some parts of the anatomy are self-healing but can result in scar formation. Nanotechnology offers greater control and flexibility in such areas as skin grafting and other cosmetic applications. This is because nanoscale materials operate at the cellular and genetic level where repair and regeneration occurs.High strength nanoceramic materials, such as calcium phosphate apatite and hydroxyapatite can be made into a nanoparticle paste that interacts more positively with bone. These materials can be used for both weight bearing and non-weight bearing bones.
IV. Tissue engineering
Nanotechnology can help to reproduce or to repair damaged tissueAs tissue engineers, we will develop functioning substitutes for damaged tissues and organs. Generally, this means seeding cells onto 3-dimensional porous scaffolds made of biomaterials,
which provide mechanical support and instructive cues for the developing engineered tissue. Now it’s time to go to the next level, and make complex tissues that can really do things — contract, release growth factors, conduct electrical signals and more. Things our own cells and tissues do.
We can modify surfaces by attaching proteins, peptides and other molecules that enhance cell spreading and differentiation. We can increase concentrations of growth factors and cytokines in the engineered tissue by adding charged coatings to which they could stick. Finally, we can modify the 3D shape of the extracellular matrix surface to influence cell shape, differentiation and adhesion. Nanomaterials can also compensate for limitations in the scaffold. Ultimately, smart controllable nanorobots could potentially go to work for us — circulating inside the body, finding diseased tissues and repairing them by destroying defected cells and molecules or by encouraging cells to regain their function. We believe that these tiny nanostructures could redefine medicine in the future. It’s a future I look forward to being a part of.
2. Environmental implementation
I. Filtration
Third World countries will soon benefit from a revolutionary portable device. First revealed in 2007, it may become widespread in the coming years.The "Lifesaver Bottle" filters water-borne pathogens, using holes just 15 nanometers across. This prevents even the smallest viruses (25 nanometers across) getting through, and eliminates the need for chemicals to treat the water. The Lifesaver Bottle is fitted with a 4000UF replaceable purification cartridge that removes bacteria, viruses, cysts, parasites, fungi, and all other microbiological water-borne pathogens.
It also comes with an activated carbon filter, made of a high specification activated carbon block. This reduces a broad spectrum of chemical residues including: pesticides, endocrine disrupting compounds, medical residues and heavy metals such as lead and copper. The carbon filter also eliminates bad tastes and odors from contaminates such as chlorine and sulphur. It is designed to last for approximately 250 litres.
II. Energy
The company Shell does reflect on new technologies, in a scenario "Energy Needs, Choices and Possibilities; Scenarios to 2050" (2001). They consider the potential breakthroughs in Solar PV or Hydrogen the coming decades. They explicitly mention nanotechnologies including nanotubes
Nanotechnology sparks energy storage on paper and cloth:-
By dipping ordinary paper or fabric in a special ink infused with nanoparticles, Engineers found a way to cheaply and efficiently manufacture lightweight paper batteries and supercapacitors (which, like batteries, store energy, but by electrostatic rather than chemical means), as well as stretchable, conductive textiles known as "eTextiles" – capable of storing energy while retaining the mechanical properties of ordinary paper or fabric.
Homes of the future could one day be lined with energy-storing wallpaper. Gadget lovers would be able to charge their portable appliances on the go, simply plugging them into an outlet woven into their T-shirts. Energy textiles might also be used to create moving-display apparel, reactive high-performance sportswear and wearable power for a soldier's battle gear.
The key ingredients in developing these high-tech products are not visible to the human eye. Nanostructures, which can be assembled in patterns that allow them to transport electricity, may provide the solutions to a number of problems encountered with electrical storage devices currently available on the market.
The key ingredients in developing these high-tech products are not visible to the human eye. Nanostructures, which can be assembled in patterns that allow them to transport electricity, may provide the solutions to a number of problems encountered with electrical storage devices currently available on the market.
Experts also believe the incremental gains made in recent years in battery performance can be dramatically accelerated with nanotechnologies. According experts, the potential exists to fully charge a smart phone or laptop in seconds, instead of an hour or more. In addition, nanomaterials such as graphene could improve battery capacity for electric vehicles (EVs) because of its high surface-to-volume ratio. This would make graphene more affordable and sustainable than fossil fuels.
Increasing the efficiency of energy production
Nanotechnology will cut costs both of the solar cells and the equipment needed to deploy them, making solar power economical. In this application we need not make new or technically superior solar cells: making inexpensively what we already know how to make expensively would move solar power into the mainstream.
Today's best solar cells have layers of several different semiconductors stacked together to absorb light at different energies but they still only manage to use 40 percent of the Sun's energy. Commercially available solar cells have much lower efficiencies (15-20%). Nanotechnology could help increase the efficiency of light conversion by using nanostructures with a continuum of bandgaps
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The degree of efficiency of the internal combustion engine is about 30-40% at the moment. Nanotechnology could improve combustion by designing specific catalysts with maximized surface area. In 2005, scientists at the University of Toronto developed a spray-on nanoparticle substance that, when applied to a surface, instantly transforms it into a solar collector.
3. Information and communication
This talk will present the current and future of nanotechnology, especially focusing on the convergence of nanotechnology with electronics, photonics, energy, and biology. Nanoelectronics aspect will address the nano-carbon such as graphene and carbon nanotubes in flexible and transparent electrodes, transistors, and in switching devices.
This will further address displays, lighting, THz radiation, network transistors and many other applications. As a part of nanophotonics, quantum dot and its related application for LED and displays will be addressed. The talk will also discuss nano-energy generator for energy harvesting. Concept of e-nose and e-tongue with nano wires will be presented. Printable and flexible electronics is discussed with nano materials
I. Memory Storage
Electronic memory designs in the past have largely relied on the formation of transistors. However, research into crossbar switch based electronics have offered an alternative using reconfigurable interconnections between vertical and horizontal wiring arrays to create ultra high density memories.
Two leaders in this area are Nantero which has developed a carbon nanotube based crossbar memory called Nano-RAM and Hewlett-Packard which has proposed the use of memristor material as a future replacement of Flash memory. An example of such novel devices is based on spintronics.The dependence of the resistance of a material (due to the spin of the electrons) on an external field is called magnetoresistance. This effect can be significantly amplified for nanosized objects, for example when two ferromagnetic layers are separated by a nonmagnetic layer, which is several nanometers thick . The GMR effect has led to a strong increase in the data storage density of hard disks and made the gigabyte range possible. The so called tunneling magnetoresistance (TMR) is very similar to GMR and based on the spin dependent tunneling of electrons through adjacent ferromagnetic layers. Both GMR and TMR effects can be used to create a non-volatile main memory for computers
II. Displays
The production of displays with low energy consumption could be accomplished using carbon nanotubes (CNT). Carbon nanotubes are electrically conductive and due to their small diameter of several nanometers, they can be used as field emitters with extremely high efficiency for field emission displays (FED). The principle of operation resembles that of the cathode ray tube, but on a much smaller length scale.
III. Quantum computers
Today, computer chips are made using lithography — literally, “stone writing.” If the computer hardware revolution is to continue at its current pace, in a decade or so we’ll have to move beyond lithography to some new post lithographic manufacturing technology. Ultimately, each logic element will be made from just a few atoms.
Designs for computer gates with less than 1,000 atoms have already been proposed — but each atom in such a small device has to be in exactly the right place. To economically build and interconnect trillions upon trillions of such small and precise devices in a complex three dimensional pattern we’ll need a manufacturing technology well beyond today’s lithography: we’ll need nanotechnology.
With it, we should be able to build mass storage devices that can store more than a hundred billion billion bytes in a volume the size of a sugar cube; RAM that can store a mere billion billion bytes in such a volume; and massively parallel computers of the same size that can deliver a billion billion instructions per second.
4. Heavy Industry
An inevitable use of nanotechnology will be in heavy industry.
I. Aerospace
Today, most airplanes are made from metal despite the fact that diamond has a strength-to-weight ratio over 50 times that of aerospace aluminum. Diamond is expensive, we can’t make it in the shapes we want, and it shatters. Nanotechnology will let us inexpensively make shatterproof diamond (with a structure that might resemble diamond fibers) in exactly the shapes we want. This would let us make a Boeing 747 whose unloaded weight was 50 times lighter but just as strong.
Today, travel in space is very expensive and reserved for an elite few. Nanotechnology will dramatically reduce the costs and increase the capabilities of space ships and space flight.2 The strength-to-weight ratio and the cost of components are absolutely critical to the performance and economy of space ships: with nanotechnology, both of these parameters will be improved…3 Beyond inexpensively providing remarkably light and strong materials for space ships, nanotechnology will also provide extremely powerful computers with which to guide both those ships and a wide range of other activities in space.
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II. Catalysis
Chemical catalysis benefits especially from nanoparticles, due to the extremely large surface to volume ratio. The application potential of nanoparticles in catalysis ranges from fuel cell to catalytic converters and photocatalytic devices. Platinum nanoparticles are now being considered in the next generation of automotive catalytic converters because the very high surface area of nanoparticles could reduce the amount of platinum required.
However, some concerns have been raised due to experiments demonstrating that they will spontaneously combust if methane is mixed with the ambient air. Ongoing research in France may resolve their true usefulness for catalytic applications. Nanofiltration may come to be an important application, although future research must be careful to investigate possible toxicity.
III. Nanoparticles and steel
The use of nanotechnology in steel helps to improve the properties of steel.The nano-size steel produce stronger steel cables which can be in bridge construction. This would require high strength joints which leads to the need for high strength bolts. The capacity of high strength bolts is obtained through quenching and tempering the environmentally unfriendly hard-chromizing process can be eliminated.
Furthermore, the precision hollow bar delivery condition implies a major cost-saving benefit for slot-drilled components. With various high-performance surface treatments, improved wear resistance or reduced friction properties on a hard substrate are obtained.
Despite a high hardness, Sandvik Nanoflex displays excellent forming properties. Cold forming operations such as bending, cutting, turning and grinding are easy to perform. After reaching a desired shape, a simple low temperature heat treatment gives the material its high strength without distorting the work piece.Good corrosion resistance means no corrosion protection treatment is required and yet cosmetic and functional finishes for different applications can be obtained.
Nanoparticles in glass
The glass is also an important material in construction.There is a lot of research being carried out on the application of nanotechnology to glass. The TiO2 is hydrophilic (attraction to water) which can attract rain drops which then wash off the dirt particles.Thus the introduction of nanotechnology in the Glass industry, incorporates the self cleaning property of glass. Fire-protective glass is another application of nanotechnology. This is achieved by using a clear intumescent layer sandwiched between glass panels (an interlayer) formed of silica nanoparticles (SiO2) which turns into a rigid and opaque fire shield when heated.Most of glass in construction is on the exterior surface of buildings .So the light and heat entering the building through glass has to be prevented. The nanotechnology can provide a better solution to block light and heat coming through windows.
IV. Vehicle manufacturers
Much like aerospace, lighter and stronger materials will be useful for creating vehicles that are both faster and safer.
Combustion engines will also benefit from parts that are more hard-wearing and more heat-resistant.
5. Consumer goods
Nanotechnology is already impacting the field of consumer goods, providing products with novel functions ranging from easy-to-clean to scratch-resistant. Modern textiles are wrinkle-resistant and stain-repellent; in the mid-term clothes will become “smart”, through embedded “wearable electronics”. Already in use are different nanoparticle improved products. Especially in the field of cosmetics, such novel products have a promising potential.
I. Agriculture
Applications of nanotechnology have the potential to change the entire agriculture sector and food industry chain from production to conservation, processing, transportation, and even waste treatment.
Major challenges related to agriculture like low productivity in cultivable areas, large uncultivable areas, shrinkage of cultivable lands, wastage of inputs like water, fertilizers, pesticides, wastage of products and of course Food security for growing numbers can be addressed through various applications of nanotechnology.
II. Sports
Nanotechnology may also play a role in sports such as soccer, football and baseball. Materials for new athletic shoes may be made in order to make the shoe lighter (and the athlete faster).]Baseball bats already on the market are made with carbon nanotubes which reinforce the resin, which is said to improve its performance by making it lighter.
Conclusion:-
Nanotechnology has generally not yet reached the state of application that elicit intense public interest. Nanotechnology is a big investment; there is a lot at stake. Public fears exist concerning self replicating systems; regulators concerned about particles etc.
Nanobiotechnology can easily fall into the pre-made trap of GM. Nanobiotechnology will likely give us the first nano-biologically active entities for use in the human body. Bio-nanomachines have already been made by nature, and their adaptation for use by or in humans is on the horizon.Possible problems with public perception of nanobiotechnology could easily spread to whole field (interdisciplinarity). Extrapolation of these trends suggests we will have to develop molecular manufacturing in the 2010 to 2020 time frame if we are to keep the computer hardware revolution on schedule.
Of course, extrapolating past trends is a philosophically debatable method of technology forecasting. While no fundamental law of nature prevents us from developing nanotechnology on this schedule (or even faster), there is equally no law that says this schedule will not slip.
A very large part of the science of the future will likely depend on nano-technological approaches. Perhaps scientists and industry should concentrate on talking in terms of applications rather than nano-x or y. If something”unconsented” outrages or a report scares. Many unknowns, prospects that seem fantastic today…
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